Nkhaniyi yochokera ku Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. ikufotokoza zomwe muyenera kuganizira posankha zitsulo zodzaza kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito powotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chokongola kwambiri - kuthekera kosintha mawonekedwe ake amakina komanso kukana dzimbiri ndi okosijeni - kumawonjezeranso zovuta posankha chitsulo choyenera chodzaza kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito powotcherera. Pa kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa zinthu zoyambira, mtundu uliwonse wa ma electrode ukhoza kukhala woyenera, kutengera mavuto amtengo, momwe ntchito ikuyendera, mawonekedwe amakina omwe mukufuna komanso mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi kuwotcherera.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira chaukadaulo kuti owerenga amvetsetse zovuta za nkhaniyi kenako n’kuyankha mafunso ena omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi ogulitsa zitsulo zodzaza. Imafotokoza malangizo onse osankha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zodzaza zitsulo - kenako imafotokoza zosiyana zonse ndi malangizo amenewo! Nkhaniyi sikufotokoza njira zowotcherera, chifukwa imeneyo ndi nkhani ya nkhani ina.
Magiredi anayi, zinthu zambiri zosakaniza
Pali magulu anayi akuluakulu a zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri:
austenitic
martensitic
ferritic
Duplex
Mayinawa amachokera ku kapangidwe ka kristalo ka chitsulo chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapezeka kutentha kwa chipinda. Chitsulo chopanda mpweya wochepa chikatenthedwa pamwamba pa 912degC, maatomu a chitsulocho amasinthidwa kuchokera ku kapangidwe kotchedwa ferrite kutentha kwa chipinda kupita ku kapangidwe ka kristalo kotchedwa austenite. Akazizira, maatomu amabwerera ku kapangidwe kawo koyambirira, ferrite. Kapangidwe ka kutentha kwambiri, austenite, si ka maginito, ndi pulasitiki ndipo kali ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu kuposa mawonekedwe a kutentha kwa chipinda cha ferrite.
Pamene chromium yoposa 16% yawonjezedwa ku chitsulo, kapangidwe ka kristalo kotentha kwa chipinda, ferrite, kamakhazikika ndipo chitsulocho chimakhalabe mu mkhalidwe wa ferritic kutentha konse. Chifukwa chake dzina lakuti ferritic stainless steel limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maziko a alloy awa. Pamene chromium yoposa 17% ndi nickel yoposa 7% yawonjezedwa ku chitsulocho, kapangidwe ka kristalo kotentha kwambiri ka chitsulocho, austenite, kamakhazikika kotero kuti kamakhalabe kutentha konse kuyambira kotsika kwambiri mpaka pafupifupi kusungunuka.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa mtundu wa 'chrome-nickel', ndipo zitsulo za martensitic ndi ferritic nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mitundu ya 'straight chrome'. Zinthu zina zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zosungunula zimakhala ngati zokhazikika za austenite ndipo zina zimakhala ngati zokhazikika za ferrite. Zokhazikika zofunika kwambiri za austenite ndi nickel, carbon, manganese ndi nayitrogeni. Zokhazikika za ferrite ndi chromium, silicon, molybdenum ndi niobium. Kulinganiza zinthu zosakaniza kumalamulira kuchuluka kwa ferrite mu chitsulo chosungunula.
Magiredi a Austenitic ndi osavuta komanso ogwirizana bwino kuposa omwe ali ndi nickel yochepera 5%. Ma weld olumikizira omwe amapangidwa mu zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic ndi olimba, osasunthika komanso olimba ngati atalumikizidwa. Nthawi zambiri safuna kutentha koyambirira kapena kutentha pambuyo pa weld. Magiredi a Austenitic ndi pafupifupi 80% ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zolumikizidwa, ndipo nkhani yoyambirira iyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri pa iwo.
Gome 1: Mitundu ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi kuchuluka kwa chromium ndi nickel.
tstart{c,80%}
thead{Mtundu|% Chromium|% Nickel|Mitundu}
tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
samalira{}
Momwe mungasankhire chitsulo chodzaza chosapanga dzimbiri choyenera
Ngati maziko a mbale zonse ziwiri ndi ofanana, mfundo yoyambirira yotsogolera inali, 'Yambani pofananiza maziko a zinthuzo.' Zimenezo zimagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zina; kuti mulowetse Mtundu 310 kapena 316, sankhani Mtundu wodzaza wofanana.
Kuti mulumikize zinthu zosiyana, tsatirani mfundo iyi yotsogolera: 'sankhani chodzaza chomwe chikugwirizana ndi chinthu chosakanikirana kwambiri.' Kuti mulumikize 304 mpaka 316, sankhani chodzaza 316.
Mwatsoka, 'lamulo lofanana' lili ndi zosiyana zambiri kotero kuti mfundo yabwino ndi yakuti, Onani tebulo losankha zitsulo zodzaza. Mwachitsanzo, Mtundu 304 ndiye chinthu chodziwika kwambiri chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, koma palibe amene amapereka electrode ya Mtundu 304.
Momwe weld Mtundu 304 wosapanga dzimbiri popanda mtundu 304 electrode
Kuti muluke zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za mtundu wa Type 304, gwiritsani ntchito chodzaza cha mtundu wa Type 308, chifukwa zinthu zina zowonjezera mu mtundu wa Type 308 zidzalimbitsa bwino malo olukidwa.
Komabe, 308L ndi chinthu chovomerezeka chodzaza. Dzina la 'L' pambuyo pa Mtundu uliwonse limasonyeza kuti mpweya uli ndi mpweya wochepa. Mtundu wa 3XXL wosapanga dzimbiri uli ndi mpweya wokwanira 0.03% kapena kuchepera, pomwe Mtundu wa 3XX wosapanga dzimbiri ungakhale ndi mpweya wokwanira 0.08%.
Popeza chodzaza cha Mtundu L chili m'gulu lomwelo ndi chinthu chosakhala cha L, opanga akhoza, ndipo ayenera kuganizira mozama, kugwiritsa ntchito chodzaza cha Mtundu L chifukwa kuchepa kwa mpweya m'thupi kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha mavuto a dzimbiri pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ndipotu, olembawo akunena kuti chodzaza cha Mtundu L chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ngati opanga angosintha njira zawo.
Opanga zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya GMAW angafunenso kuganizira zogwiritsa ntchito chodzaza cha Type 3XXSi, chifukwa kuwonjezera kwa silicon kumapangitsa kuti madzi alowe bwino. Pazochitika zomwe cholumikiziracho chili ndi korona yayitali kapena yolimba, kapena pamene dziwe la cholumikiziracho silikugwirizana bwino ndi zala za fillet kapena lap joint, kugwiritsa ntchito electrode ya Si Type GMAW kungathandize kusalala kwa cholumikiziracho ndikulimbikitsa kusakanikirana bwino.
Ngati vuto la kutsika kwa mpweya wa carbide ndi lalikulu, ganizirani za filler ya Type 347, yomwe ili ndi niobium yochepa.
Momwe mungalumikizire chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ku chitsulo cha kaboni
Izi zimachitika pamene gawo limodzi la kapangidwe kake limafuna nkhope yakunja yosagwedezeka ndi dzimbiri yolumikizidwa ku chinthu chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni kuti muchepetse mtengo. Mukalumikiza chinthu choyambira chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe ndi zinthu zophatikiza ku chinthu choyambira ndi zinthu zophatikiza, gwiritsani ntchito chodzaza chopangidwa mopitirira muyeso kuti kusungunuka mkati mwa chitsulocho kukhale kofanana kapena kosakanikirana kwambiri kuposa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Pofuna kulumikiza chitsulo cha kaboni ku Mtundu 304 kapena 316, komanso polumikiza zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosiyana, ganizirani za electrode ya Mtundu 309L pazinthu zambiri. Ngati mukufuna Cr yambiri, ganizirani za Mtundu 312.
Chenjezo ndilakuti, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic zimakula mofulumira kwambiri kuposa 50 peresenti kuposa zitsulo za carbon. Zikalumikizidwa, kukula kosiyanasiyana kumatha kuyambitsa ming'alu chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamkati pokhapokha ngati njira yoyenera ya electrode ndi kuwotcherera ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira zoyenera zoyeretsera zotsukira
Monga momwe zilili ndi zitsulo zina, choyamba chotsani mafuta, mafuta, zizindikiro ndi dothi ndi chosungunulira chosathira chlorine. Pambuyo pake, lamulo lalikulu lokonzekera weld yosathira ndi 'Pewani kuipitsidwa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni kuti mupewe dzimbiri.' Makampani ena amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zosiyana monga 'shopu yawo yosathira' ndi 'shopu ya kaboni' kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina.
Sankhani mawilo opukutira ndi maburashi osapanga dzimbiri ngati 'opanda dzimbiri okha' pokonzekera m'mbali mwa cholumikizira. Njira zina zimafuna kuyeretsa mainchesi awiri kumbuyo kwa cholumikizira. Kukonzekera cholumikizira ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kulipira kusagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ma electrode kumakhala kovuta kuposa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira yoyenera yoyeretsera pambuyo pa weld kuti mupewe dzimbiri
Choyamba, kumbukirani zomwe zimapangitsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chosapanga dzimbiri: momwe chromium imagwirira ntchito ndi mpweya kuti ipange chromium oxide yoteteza pamwamba pa chinthucho. Dzimbiri losapanga dzimbiri limakhala chifukwa cha mvula ya carbide (onani pansipa) komanso chifukwa njira yowotcherera imatenthetsa chitsulo chowotcherera mpaka pomwe ferritic oxide ingapangike pamwamba pa chowotcherera. Ngati chisiyidwa chili mu mkhalidwe wowotcherera, chowotcherera chomveka bwino chingawonetse 'njira za dzimbiri' pamalire a malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha mkati mwa maola osakwana 24.
Kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikhale chokonzeka bwino, chimafunika kutsukidwa pambuyo pothira, kupukuta, kupukuta kapena kupukuta. Apanso, gwiritsani ntchito zopukusira ndi maburashi operekedwa ku ntchitoyi.
Nchifukwa chiyani waya wowotcherera wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi wamaginito?
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic sichili ndi maginito. Komabe, kutentha kwa welding kumapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti weld ikhale yogwirizana ndi ming'alu. Pofuna kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa ndi kusweka kwa kutentha, opanga ma electrode amawonjezera zinthu zosakaniza, kuphatikizapo ferrite. Gawo la ferrite limapangitsa kuti tinthu ta austenitic tikhale tofewa kwambiri, kotero weld imakhala yolimba kwambiri.
Maginito samamatira ku chipolopolo cha austenitic stainless filler, koma munthu amene ali ndi maginito angamve kukokedwa pang'ono chifukwa cha ferrite yomwe yasungidwa. Tsoka ilo, izi zimapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ena kuganiza kuti chinthu chawo chalembedwa molakwika kapena akugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chodzaza cholakwika (makamaka ngati adang'amba chizindikirocho pa dengu la waya).
Kuchuluka koyenera kwa ferrite mu electrode kumadalira kutentha kwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ferrite yochuluka kwambiri imapangitsa kuti weld itaye kulimba kwake kutentha kochepa. Chifukwa chake, chodzaza cha Type 308 cha LNG piping application chili ndi nambala ya ferrite pakati pa 3 ndi 6, poyerekeza ndi nambala ya ferrite ya 8 ya chodzaza cha Type 308. Mwachidule, zitsulo zodzaza zingawoneke zofanana poyamba, koma kusiyana pang'ono pakupanga ndikofunikira.
Kodi pali njira yosavuta yolumikizira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri?
Kawirikawiri, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono kamene kali ndi ferrite pafupifupi 50% ndi austenite 50%. Mwachidule, ferrite imapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana kusweka kwa dzimbiri pomwe austenite imapereka kulimba kwabwino. Magawo awiriwa pamodzi amapatsa zitsulo ziwiri mawonekedwe okongola. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka, ndipo zofala kwambiri ndi Mtundu 2205; izi zili ndi 22% chromium, 5% nickel, 3% molybdenum ndi 0.15% nayitrogeni.
Polumikiza chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha duplex, mavuto angabuke ngati chitsulo chosungunula chili ndi ferrite yochuluka (kutentha kuchokera ku arc kumapangitsa maatomu kudziyika okha mu ferrite matrix). Kuti zibwezeretsedwe, zitsulo zodzaza ziyenera kulimbikitsa kapangidwe ka austenitic ndi kuchuluka kwa alloy, nthawi zambiri nickel yochulukirapo 2 mpaka 4% kuposa chitsulo choyambira. Mwachitsanzo, waya wozungulira wa flux-core wa welding Type 2205 ukhoza kukhala ndi nickel ya 8.85%.
Kuchuluka kwa ferrite komwe mukufuna kumatha kuyambira 25 mpaka 55% mutagwiritsa ntchito welding (koma kungakhale kokwera). Dziwani kuti kuzizira kuyenera kukhala kochedwa mokwanira kuti austenite isinthe, koma osati pang'onopang'ono kwambiri kuti ipange magawo apakati pa zitsulo, kapena mwachangu kwambiri kuti ipange ferrite yochulukirapo m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kutentha. Tsatirani njira zomwe wopanga adapangira kuti agwiritse ntchito welding ndi filler metal zomwe zasankhidwa.
Kusintha kwa magawo powotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kwa opanga omwe nthawi zonse amasintha magawo (voltage, amperage, arc length, inductance, pulse width, etc) akamawotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, vuto lalikulu ndi kusasinthasintha kwa kapangidwe ka chitsulo chodzaza. Popeza kufunika kwa alloying elements, kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala kuchokera ku lot kupita ku lot kumatha kukhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a weld, monga kunyowa bwino kapena kumasula slag kovuta. Kusintha kwa kukula kwa electrode, kuyera pamwamba, cast ndi helix kumakhudzanso magwiridwe antchito a GMAW ndi FCAW.
Kuwongolera kutentha kwa carbide mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic
Pa kutentha kwa madigiri 426-871 Celsius, kuchuluka kwa kaboni kopitilira 0.02% kumasamukira kumalire a kapangidwe ka austenitic, komwe kumakhudzana ndi chromium ndikupanga chromium carbide. Ngati chromium yalumikizidwa ndi kaboni, siipezeka kuti isawonongeke ndi dzimbiri. Ikayikidwa pamalo owononga, dzimbiri la pakati pa tinthu timeneti limayamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malire a tirigu adyedwe.
Kuti muwongolere mpweya wa carbide, sungani kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kulipo (0.04% pazipita) polumikiza ndi ma electrode otsika kaboni. Carbon imathanso kulumikizidwa ndi niobium (yomwe kale inali columbium) ndi titaniyamu, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ya kaboni kuposa chromium. Ma electrode amtundu wa 347 amapangidwa pachifukwa ichi.
Momwe mungakonzekerere kukambirana za kusankha zitsulo zodzaza
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, sonkhanitsani zambiri zokhudza momwe gawo lolumikizidwa ligwiritsidwira ntchito kumapeto, kuphatikizapo malo ogwirira ntchito (makamaka kutentha, kukhudzana ndi zinthu zowononga komanso kuchuluka kwa kukana dzimbiri komwe kukuyembekezeka) komanso nthawi yomwe ntchitoyo ikufunika. Zambiri zokhudza makhalidwe ofunikira a makina pa nthawi yogwirira ntchito zimathandiza kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mphamvu, kulimba, kusinthasintha kwa mphamvu ndi kutopa.
Opanga ma electrode ambiri otsogola amapereka malangizo osankha zitsulo zodzaza, ndipo olemba sangagogomeze mfundo iyi mopitirira muyeso: funsani malangizo a ntchito za zitsulo zodzaza kapena funsani akatswiri aukadaulo a opanga. Alipo kuti akuthandizeni kusankha electrode yoyenera yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za TYUE komanso kuti mulankhule ndi akatswiri a kampaniyo kuti akupatseni upangiri, pitani ku www.tyuelec.com.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-23-2022