Nkhaniyi yochokera ku Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd.
Kuthekera komwe kumapangitsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chowoneka bwino - kuthekera kosintha mawonekedwe ake amakina komanso kukana dzimbiri ndi okosijeni - kumawonjezeranso zovuta pakusankha zitsulo zoyenera zowotcherera.Pazophatikizira zilizonse zoyambira, mtundu uliwonse wamitundu ingapo ya ma elekitirodi ukhoza kukhala woyenerera, kutengera mtengo, momwe ntchito zingakhalire, makina omwe amafunidwa komanso nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuwotcherera.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka ukadaulo wofunikira kuti upatse owerenga chiyamikiro chazovuta za mutuwo ndiyeno kuyankha ena mwamafunso omwe amafunsidwa kwambiri kwa ogulitsa zitsulo zodzaza.Imakhazikitsa malangizo okhudza kusankha zitsulo zoyenera zodzaza ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri - kenako imalongosola zopatula zonse ku malangizowo!Nkhaniyi sifotokoza njira zowotcherera, chifukwa uwu ndi mutu wankhani ina.
Makalasi anayi, zinthu zambiri za alloying
Pali magulu anayi akuluakulu azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri:
austenitic
martensitic
ferritic
Duplex
Mayinawa amachokera ku mawonekedwe a crystalline achitsulo omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri kutentha.Chitsulo cha carbon chotsika chikatenthedwa pamwamba pa 912degC, maatomu achitsulocho amakonzedwanso kuchokera ku kamangidwe kamene kamatchedwa ferrite kutentha kwa chipinda kupita kumalo a kristalo otchedwa austenite.Pakuzizira, ma atomu amabwerera ku mawonekedwe awo oyambirira, ferrite.Mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri, austenite, si maginito, pulasitiki ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso ductility kuposa kutentha kwa chipinda cha ferrite.
Pamene chromium yoposa 16% iwonjezeredwa kuchitsulo, mawonekedwe a crystalline kutentha kwa chipinda, ferrite, amakhazikika ndipo chitsulo chimakhalabe mu ferritic pa kutentha kulikonse.Chifukwa chake dzina la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri la ferritic limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maziko a alloy awa.Pamene 17% chromium ndi 7% nickel akuwonjezeredwa ku chitsulo, mawonekedwe a crystalline okwera kwambiri a chitsulo, austenite, amakhazikika kotero kuti amapitirizabe kutentha konse kuchokera pansi kwambiri mpaka pafupifupi kusungunuka.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic chimatchedwa mtundu wa 'chrome-nickel', ndipo zitsulo za martensitic ndi ferritic zimatchedwa mitundu ya 'straight chrome'.Ma alloying ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zowotcherera amakhala ngati austenite stabilizers ndi ena ngati ferrite stabiliser.Zofunikira kwambiri za austenite stabilizers ndi nickel, carbon, manganese ndi nayitrogeni.Ma ferrite stabilizers ndi chromium, silicon, molybdenum ndi niobium.Kulinganiza zinthu za alloying kumawongolera kuchuluka kwa ferrite mu chitsulo chowotcherera.
Magiredi a Austenitic amawotcherera mosavuta komanso mogwira mtima kuposa omwe amakhala ndi faifi tambala wosakwana 5%.Ma weld opangidwa muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic amakhala olimba, odumphira komanso olimba ngati amawotcherera.Nthawi zambiri samafuna kutentha kwa preheat kapena post-weld kutentha.Magiredi a Austenitic amawerengera pafupifupi 80% yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zowotcherera, ndipo nkhani yoyambira iyi ikufotokoza kwambiri za iwo.
Gulu 1: Mitundu yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chromium ndi nickel.
tstart{c,80%}
thead{Mtundu|% Chromium|% Nickel|Mitundu}
tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
samalira{}
Momwe mungasankhire zitsulo zolondola zosapanga dzimbiri
Ngati zinthu zoyambira m'mbale zonsezo zili zofanana, mfundo yotsogolera yoyambirira inali yakuti, 'Yambani ndi kufananitsa zinthu zoyambira.'Izi zimagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zina;kuti mujowine Type 310 kapena 316, sankhani Mtundu wofananira wodzaza.
Kuti mugwirizane ndi zinthu zosiyana, tsatirani mfundo yotsogolera iyi: 'sankhani chodzaza kuti chifanane ndi zinthu zophatikizika kwambiri.'Kuti mujowine 304 mpaka 316, sankhani 316 filler.
Tsoka ilo, 'lamulo la machesi' lili ndi zosiyana zambiri kotero kuti mfundo yabwino ndiyakuti, Onani tebulo losankhira zitsulo.Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa 304 ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, koma palibe amene amapereka mtundu wa 304 electrode.
Momwe weld Type 304 yopanda banga popanda Type 304 electrode
Kuti muwotchere zosapanga dzimbiri za Type 304, gwiritsani ntchito chodzaza cha Type 308, popeza zinthu zina zowonjezera mu Type 308 zidzakhazikika bwino malo owotcherera.
Komabe, 308L ndi chodzaza chovomerezeka.Dzina la 'L' pambuyo pa Mtundu uliwonse limasonyeza kutsika kwa carbon.A Type 3XXL zosapanga dzimbiri amakhala ndi mpweya wa 0.03% kapena kuchepera, pomwe Type 3XX zosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kukhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa 0.08%.
Chifukwa chodzaza chamtundu wa L chimagwera m'gulu lomwelo la zinthu zomwe si za L, opanga amatha, ndipo ayenera kuganizira mozama, kugwiritsa ntchito chodzaza cha Type L chifukwa chotsitsa cha carbon chimachepetsa chiopsezo cha intergranular corrosion.M'malo mwake, olembawo amatsutsa zodzaza za Type L zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati opanga angosintha njira zawo.
Opanga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya GMAW angafunenso kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito chodzaza cha Type 3XXSi, popeza kuwonjezera kwa silicon kumanyowa.Pazochitika zomwe weld ali ndi korona wapamwamba kapena wovuta, kapena pamene matope a weld samamanga bwino pa zala za fillet kapena lap joint, pogwiritsa ntchito Si Type GMAW electrode ikhoza kusalaza mkanda wa weld ndikulimbikitsa kusakanikirana bwino.
Ngati mpweya wa carbide uli wodetsa nkhawa, ganizirani mtundu wa 347 filler, womwe uli ndi niobium pang'ono.
Momwe mungawotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chitsulo cha carbon?
Izi zimachitika m'malo omwe gawo limodzi lanyumba limafunikira mawonekedwe akunja osachita dzimbiri olumikizidwa ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha kaboni kuti achepetse mtengo.Mukalumikiza zinthu zoyambira zopanda alloying kuzinthu zoyambira zomwe zili ndi alloying, gwiritsani ntchito chowonjezera chowonjezera kwambiri kuti dilution mkati mwa masikelo azitsulo zowotcherera kapena ndi alloyed kwambiri kuposa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Pakujowina zitsulo za kaboni ku Type 304 kapena 316, komanso kujowina zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ganizirani mtundu wa 309L electrode pazogwiritsa ntchito zambiri.Ngati Cr yapamwamba ikufunidwa, ganizirani Type 312.
Monga chenjezo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kukula komwe kuli pafupifupi 50 peresenti kuposa chitsulo cha carbon.Mukalumikizidwa, kuchuluka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kungayambitse kusweka chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamkati pokhapokha ngati ma elekitirodi oyenera ndi njira yowotcherera ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira zoyenera zoyeretsera weld
Monga zitsulo zina, choyamba chotsani mafuta, mafuta, zolembera ndi dothi ndi zosungunulira zopanda chlorinated.Pambuyo pake, lamulo loyamba la kukonzekera kwa weld ndi 'Pewani kuipitsidwa ndi carbon steel kuti muteteze dzimbiri.'Makampani ena amagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zosiyanasiyana ngati 'shopu yawo yosapanga dzimbiri' komanso 'malo ogulitsa kaboni' kuti apewe kuipitsidwa.
Sankhani mawilo opera ndi maburashi osapanga panga ngati 'osapanga panga' pokonza m'mphepete mwa kuwotcherera.Njira zina zimafuna kuyeretsa mainchesi awiri kumbuyo kuchokera pamgwirizano.Kukonzekera kophatikizana ndikofunikanso kwambiri, chifukwa kubwezera zosagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa electrode kumakhala kovuta kuposa ndi carbon steel.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira yoyenera yoyeretsera pambuyo pa weld kuti mupewe dzimbiri
Poyamba, kumbukirani chomwe chimapangitsa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala chosapanga dzimbiri: kachitidwe ka chromium ndi okosijeni kuti apange wosanjikiza woteteza wa chromium oxide pamwamba pa zinthuzo.Dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa cha mpweya wa carbide (onani m'munsimu) komanso chifukwa chowotcherera chimatenthetsa chitsulo chowotcherera mpaka pamene ferritic oxide imatha kupanga pamwamba pa weld.Kusiyidwa kokhala ngati weld, chowotcherera chomveka bwino chikhoza kuwonetsa 'njira za dzimbiri' m'malire a malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha pasanathe maola 24.
Kuti gawo latsopano la chromium oxide lisinthe bwino, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimafunika kuyeretsa pambuyo pa weld popukuta, pickling, kugaya kapena kupaka.Apanso, gwiritsani ntchito chopukusira ndi maburashi operekedwa ku ntchitoyi.
Chifukwa chiyani waya wowotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi maginito?
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic sichikhala ndi maginito.Komabe, kutentha kwa kuwotcherera kumapanga njere yayikulu kwambiri mu microstructure, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti weld ikhale yovuta kwambiri.Kuti muchepetse kukhudzidwa kwa kusweka kotentha, opanga ma elekitirodi amawonjezera ma alloying, kuphatikiza ferrite.Gawo la ferrite limapangitsa kuti njere za austenitic zikhale zabwino kwambiri, kotero kuti weld amakhala wosagwirizana ndi ming'alu.
Maginito sangamamatira ku spool ya austenitic stainless filler, koma munthu yemwe ali ndi maginito amatha kukoka pang'ono chifukwa cha ferrite yosungidwa.Tsoka ilo, izi zimapangitsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito kuganiza kuti malonda awo adalembedwa molakwika kapena akugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zolakwika (makamaka ngati adang'amba chizindikirocho padengu lawaya).
Kuchuluka kwa ferrite mu electrode kumadalira kutentha kwa ntchito.Mwachitsanzo, ferrite yochulukirachulukira imapangitsa weld kutaya kulimba kwake pakutentha kotsika.Chifukwa chake, chojambulira cha Type 308 pakugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a LNG chili ndi nambala ya ferrite pakati pa 3 ndi 6, poyerekeza ndi nambala ya ferrite ya 8 pamtundu wamtundu wa 308 wodzaza.Mwachidule, zitsulo zodzaza zikhoza kuwoneka zofanana poyamba, koma kusiyana kwakung'ono kwapangidwe ndikofunikira.
Kodi pali njira yosavuta yowotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za duplex?
Nthawi zambiri, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziwiri zimakhala ndi microstructure yomwe imakhala pafupifupi 50% ferrite ndi 50% austenite.M'mawu osavuta, ferrite imapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri pomwe austenite imapereka kulimba kwabwino.Magawo awiri ophatikizana amapatsa ma duplex zitsulo zowoneka bwino.Mitundu yambiri yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri zilipo, ndipo zofala kwambiri ndi Type 2205;izi zili ndi 22% chromium, 5% nickel, 3% molybdenum ndi 0.15% nitrogen.
Mukawotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha duplex, mavuto amatha kubuka ngati chitsulo chowotcherera chili ndi ferrite yochulukirapo (kutentha kochokera ku arc kumapangitsa kuti ma atomu adzikonzere okha mu matrix a ferrite).Kuti alipire, zitsulo zodzaza zimayenera kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe a austenitic okhala ndi aloyi apamwamba, nthawi zambiri faifi tambala 2 mpaka 4% kuposa chitsulo choyambira.Mwachitsanzo, waya wa flux-cored wowotcherera Mtundu 2205 ukhoza kukhala ndi faifi tambala 8.85%.
Zomwe mukufuna ferrite zimatha kuyambira 25 mpaka 55% mutatha kuwotcherera (koma zitha kukhala zapamwamba).Zindikirani kuti kuzizira kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kulola kuti austenite isinthe, koma osati pang'onopang'ono kuti ipange magawo apakati, kapenanso kuthamanga kwambiri kuti ipange ferrite yochulukirapo m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kutentha.Tsatirani njira zomwe wopanga amapangira pakuwotcherera ndi zitsulo zosankhidwa.
Kusintha kwa magawo pamene kuwotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kwa opanga omwe amasinthasintha pafupipafupi magawo (voltage, amperage, arc kutalika, inductance, pulse wide, ndi zina) akawotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, choyambitsa chake chimakhala chosagwirizana ndi chitsulo chodzaza.Poganizira kufunikira kwa ma alloying maelementi, kusiyanasiyana kochulukira pamakina kumatha kukhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito, monga kusanyowa bwino kapena kutulutsa kwa slag.Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma electrode diameter, ukhondo wa pamwamba, cast and helix kumakhudzanso magwiridwe antchito a GMAW ndi FCAW.
Kuwongolera kutentha kwa carbide mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic
Pakutentha kwapakati pa 426-871degC, zomwe zili ndi mpweya wopitilira 0.02% zimasamukira kumalire amtundu wa austenitic, komwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chromium kupanga chromium carbide.Ngati chromium itamangidwa ndi carbon, sipezeka kuti iwononge dzimbiri.Zikafika ku malo ochita dzimbiri, zimbiri za intergranular zimabweretsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malire ambewu adyedwe.
Kuti muchepetse mpweya wa carbide, sungani mpweya wa kaboni kukhala wotsika kwambiri (0.04% pazipita) powotcherera ndi ma elekitirodi a carbon otsika.Mpweya ukhozanso kumangidwa ndi niobium (omwe kale anali columbium) ndi titaniyamu, omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa carbon kuposa chromium.Ma electrode amtundu wa 347 amapangidwira izi.
Momwe mungakonzekere zokambirana za kusankha zitsulo zodzaza
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, sonkhanitsani zambiri za kutha kwa ntchito yowotcherera, kuphatikizapo malo ogwirira ntchito (makamaka kutentha kwa ntchito, kukhudzana ndi zinthu zowonongeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa dzimbiri komwe kumayembekezeredwa) ndi moyo womwe mukufuna.Zambiri zamakina ofunikira pamachitidwe ogwirira ntchito zimathandiza kwambiri, kuphatikiza mphamvu, kulimba, ductility ndi kutopa.
Ambiri mwa opanga ma elekitirodi otsogola amapereka mabuku owongolera posankha zitsulo zodzaza, ndipo olemba sangathe kutsindika kwambiri mfundo iyi: funsani chitsogozo chogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zodzaza kapena funsani akatswiri aukadaulo opanga.Alipo kuti athandizire posankha ma elekitirodi olondola achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zazitsulo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za TYUE komanso kulumikizana ndi akatswiri akampani kuti mupeze malangizo, pitani ku www.tyuelec.com.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-23-2022